{"id":12821,"date":"2023-08-30T07:08:15","date_gmt":"2023-08-30T07:08:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www2.iled-lights.com\/?p=12821"},"modified":"2023-08-30T07:08:48","modified_gmt":"2023-08-30T07:08:48","slug":"what-is-led-its-features-and-its-history","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.iled-lights.com\/tr\/what-is-led-its-features-and-its-history-a11.html","title":{"rendered":"LED Nedir, \u00d6zellikleri ve Tarihi"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u00d6nce,<\/strong> 50 y\u0131l \u00f6nce yay\u0131lan bir LED yap\u0131s\u0131 prensibi, yar\u0131 iletken malzemenin \u0131\u015f\u0131k \u00fcretebilece\u011fi temel bilgisi anla\u015f\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131; ilk ticari diyot 1960 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00fcretilmi\u015ftir. LED, \u0130ngilizce 'light emitting diode' (\u0131\u015f\u0131k yayan diyot) ifadesinin k\u0131saltmas\u0131d\u0131r; temel yap\u0131s\u0131 elektrol\u00fcminesan yar\u0131 iletken malzemeden olu\u015fur, tel iskelesi \u00fczerine yerle\u015ftirilir ve ard\u0131ndan epoksi re\u00e7ine ile \u00e7evresi muhafaza edilerek i\u00e7 \u00e7ekirdek hatlar\u0131 korunur, b\u00f6ylece LED sismik performans sa\u011flar. LED yap\u0131s\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibidir: I\u015f\u0131k yayan diyotun \u00e7ekirdek k\u0131sm\u0131, P-tipi yar\u0131 iletken ve N-tipi yar\u0131 iletken plakadan olu\u015fur ve P-tipi ile N-tipi yar\u0131 iletkenler aras\u0131ndaki ge\u00e7i\u015f tabakas\u0131 PN eklemi olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Baz\u0131 yar\u0131 iletken malzemelerde PN eklemde az\u0131nl\u0131k ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n enjeksiyonu ve \u00e7o\u011funluk ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131larla re\u043a\u043e\u043cbinasyonu ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011finde, fazla enerji \u0131\u015f\u0131k formunda sal\u0131n\u0131r; bu, elektrik enerjisini do\u011frudan \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr. PN eklemi ters gerilimde az\u0131nl\u0131k ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 enjeksiyonu zor oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in \u0131\u015f\u0131k \u00fcretmez. Bu l\u00fcminesans prensibi, enjeksiyon elektrol\u00fcminesans diyotlar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar ve bu diyotlar \u0131\u015f\u0131k yayan diyotlar olarak bilinir, k\u0131saltmas\u0131 LED'dir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma durumunda (yani u\u00e7lar\u0131 pozitif gerilimle beslendi\u011finde) ak\u0131m, LED'in anodundan katoduna akar; yar\u0131 iletken kristalleri mor\u00f6tekten k\u0131z\u0131l\u00f6te\u011fe kadar \u00e7e\u015fitli renkte \u0131\u015f\u0131klar yayar ve \u0131\u015f\u0131k \u015fiddeti ak\u0131mla de\u011fi\u015fir.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-12823\" src=\"https:\/\/www2.iled-lights.com\/http:\/\/www2.iled-lights.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/97.jpg\" alt=\"LED Tarih\u00e7esi\" width=\"612\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.iled-lights.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/97.jpg 612w, https:\/\/www.iled-lights.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/97-300x262.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.iled-lights.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/97-14x12.jpg 14w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 612px) 100vw, 612px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0130kinci olarak, LED \u0131\u015f\u0131k kayna\u011f\u0131 \u00f6zellikleri<\/strong><br \/>\n1. Gerilim: LED d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck voltajl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 kayna\u011f\u0131 gerilimi 6-24V aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fir, \u00fcr\u00fcn tipine g\u00f6re farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterir; bu nedenle y\u00fcksek voltajl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 kayna\u011f\u0131na k\u0131yasla daha g\u00fcvenli bir g\u00fc\u00e7 kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r, \u00f6zellikle kamusal alanlarda uygulan\u0131r.<br \/>\n2. Performans: Ayn\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131k verimlili\u011fine sahip akkor ampul ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda enerji t\u00fcketimi oran\u0131nda azalt\u0131l\u0131r.<br \/>\nUygunluk: K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, her bir LED birimi 3-5mm kare boyutunda oldu\u011fundan, cihaz \u00e7e\u015fitli \u015fekillerde haz\u0131rlanabilir ve de\u011fi\u015fken ortamlara uygundur.<br \/>\nStabilite: 100.000 saat, \u0131\u015f\u0131k ilk miktar\u0131n 'si kadar solukla\u015f\u0131r<br \/>\n5 Yan\u0131t s\u00fcresi: akkor lamba milisaniye yan\u0131t s\u00fcresine sahipken, LED lambalar nanosaniye yan\u0131t s\u00fcresine sahiptir<br \/>\n\u00c7evre kirlili\u011fi: zararl\u0131 c\u0131va metali i\u00e7ermez<br \/>\n7 Renk: De\u011fi\u015fen ak\u0131m, kimyasal modifikasyon y\u00f6ntemiyle LED'lerin rengine kolayca de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesini sa\u011flar; malzemenin bant yap\u0131s\u0131 ve bant aral\u0131\u011f\u0131 ayarlanarak turuncu, k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131, sar\u0131, ye\u015fil ve mavi renklerde \u0131\u015f\u0131k elde edilebilir. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ak\u0131mda k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 LED, ak\u0131m artt\u0131k\u00e7a turuncuya, sar\u0131ya ve sonunda ye\u015file d\u00f6nebilir. 8 Fiyat: LED fiyatlar\u0131 akkor lambalardan daha pahal\u0131d\u0131r, birka\u00e7 LED'in fiyat\u0131, ayn\u0131 e\u015fde\u011fer akkor lamban\u0131n fiyat\u0131na e\u015fittir ve genellikle her LED'in sinyali 300 ile 500 aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc, Tek renkli LED'in \u00fc\u00e7 t\u00fcr\u00fc ve geli\u015fim tarihi<\/strong><br \/>\nYar\u0131 iletken PN ge\u00e7i\u015fi \u0131\u015f\u0131k yayan ilk uygulamalar\u0131ndan LED \u0131\u015f\u0131k kayna\u011f\u0131 1960'lar\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Malzeme GaAsP'ydi, koyu k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 (\u03bbp = 650nm) \u0131\u015f\u0131k verir, 20 mA s\u00fcr\u00fc\u015f ak\u0131m\u0131nda parlakl\u0131k ak\u0131s\u0131 yaln\u0131zca l\u00fcmenlerin binde birka\u00e7\u0131 olup parlakl\u0131k verimi yakla\u015f\u0131k 0,1 l\u00fcmen\/watt't\u0131r. 1970'lerin ortas\u0131nda, In ve N elementlerinin tan\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131yla LED ye\u015fil (\u03bbp = 555nm), sar\u0131 (\u03bbp = 590nm) ve turuncu (\u03bbp = 610nm) \u0131\u015f\u0131k \u00fcretir ve parlakl\u0131k verimi 1 l\u00fcmen\/watt'a y\u00fckseltilmi\u015ftir. 1980'lerin ba\u015f\u0131na gelindi\u011finde, GaAlAs LED \u0131\u015f\u0131k kayna\u011f\u0131 k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 LED'in 10 l\u00fcmen\/watt parlakl\u0131k verimine ula\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1990'lar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda, k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 ve sar\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131k i\u00e7in GaAlInP ve ye\u015filimsi mavi i\u00e7in GaInN olmak \u00fczere iki yeni malzemenin ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde geli\u015ftirilmesiyle LED parlakl\u0131k verimi \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda, ilk durumda LED, k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 ve turuncu b\u00f6lgede (\u03bbp = 615nm) 100 lm\/W parlakl\u0131k verimi sa\u011flarken, di\u011fer durumda LED, ye\u015fil b\u00f6lgede (\u03bbp = 530nm) parlakl\u0131k verimi 50 lm\/watt'a ula\u015fabilir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc, Tek renkli LED uygulamalar\u0131<\/strong><br \/>\nBa\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta LED g\u00f6stergeleri, enstr\u00fcmanlarda kullan\u0131lan \u0131\u015f\u0131k kaynaklar\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve daha sonra \u00e7e\u015fitli renklerdeki LED'ler trafik \u0131\u015f\u0131klar\u0131 ve b\u00fcy\u00fck ekranlarda yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; bu da iyi ekonomik ve toplumsal faydalar sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin 12 in\u00e7lik k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 trafik lambas\u0131, ABD'de uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck verimli 140 wattl\u0131k akkor lamba bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve 2000 l\u00fcmen beyaz \u0131\u015f\u0131k \u00fcretir. K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 filtre, \u0131\u015f\u0131k kayb\u0131na neden olur ve yaln\u0131zca 200 l\u00fcmen k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131k verir. Lamban\u0131n yeni tasar\u0131m\u0131nda, Lumileds 18 k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 LED \u0131\u015f\u0131k kayna\u011f\u0131 kullan\u0131r; devre kay\u0131plar\u0131 dahil olmak \u00fczere toplam g\u00fc\u00e7 t\u00fcketimi 14 watt olup ayn\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131k verimini \u00fcretir.<br \/>\nAraba \u0131\u015f\u0131klar\u0131, LED \u0131\u015f\u0131k kayna\u011f\u0131 uygulamalar\u0131nda \u00f6nemli alanlard\u0131r. 1987'de \u00c7in'de araba fren \u0131\u015f\u0131klar\u0131na LED kurulumu ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131; LED'in h\u0131zl\u0131 tepkisi (nanosaniye) sayesinde, \u00f6ndeki arac\u0131n durumunu alg\u0131layarak arkadan \u00e7arpma kazalar\u0131n\u0131 azaltmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu.<br \/>\nBuna ek olarak, LED \u0131\u015f\u0131klar; a\u00e7\u0131k havada k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131, ye\u015fil ve mavi tam renk g\u00f6sterimi, mini el feneri, anahtarl\u0131k gibi alanlarda da uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Be\u015fincisi, beyaz LED'in geli\u015ftirilmesi<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0130nsanlar genel ayd\u0131nlatma ama\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u00e7in beyaz bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k kayna\u011f\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 duyar. 1998'de beyaz LED geli\u015ftirilmesi ba\u015far\u0131 elde edildi. Bu LED, GaN \u00e7ipleri ve itriyum al\u00fcminyum garnet (YAG)'in birlikte paketlenmesiyle \u00fcretilir. GaN \u00e7ipi mavi \u0131\u015f\u0131k yayar (\u03bbp = 465nm, Wd = 30nm), mavi \u0131\u015f\u0131kla uyar\u0131lan y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131kta sinterlenmi\u015f Ce3 + YAG fosforu sar\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131k yayd\u0131r\u0131r ve \u0131\u015f\u0131k yay\u0131l\u0131m tepesi 550nm'dir. Mavi LED alt tablas\u0131, kase \u015fekilli yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 bo\u015flu\u011fa monte edilir ve YAG ile kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ince bir re\u00e7ine katman\u0131yla, yakla\u015f\u0131k 200-500nm kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kaplan\u0131r. LED alt tablas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131lan mavi \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 fosfor taraf\u0131ndan emilir ve baz\u0131 mavi fosforlar sar\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131k yayd\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, bunlar\u0131n kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 beyaz renk verebilir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, InGaN \/ YAG beyaz LED i\u00e7in, YAG fosforunun kimyasal bile\u015fimini de\u011fi\u015ftirerek ve fosfor tabakas\u0131n\u0131n kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ayarlayarak, 3500-10000K renk s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki renkli beyaz elde edilebilir. Mavi \u00e7ip i\u00e7in YAG sar\u0131 fosfor kullanan bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ticarile\u015ftirilmesi durumunda, en iyi \u0131\u015f\u0131k ak\u0131m\u0131 verimi yakla\u015f\u0131k 25 l\u00fcmen\/watt't\u0131r; YAG Japonya'n\u0131n Nichia Corporation firmas\u0131ndan ithal edilir ve fiyat\u0131 2.000 yuan\/kg'd\u0131r; ikinci olarak, Japonya'n\u0131n Sumitomo Electric firmas\u0131 ZnSe malzemesi i\u00e7in beyaz LED geli\u015ftirmi\u015f, ancak \u0131\u015f\u0131k ak\u0131m\u0131 verimi daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. Baz\u0131 tipteki beyaz LED \u0131\u015f\u0131k kaynaklar\u0131, d\u00f6rt fosfordan ayr\u0131lamaz: yerli \u00fc\u00e7 temel renk k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131, ye\u015fil, sar\u0131 ve pembe tozu ile garnet yap\u0131s\u0131 tablodan g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir, gelecekte \u00fc\u00e7 dalga boyu \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011fa k\u0131yasla iyimser olmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Anorganik UV \u00e7ip, LED beyaz\u0131n\u0131 paketlemek i\u00e7in RGB \u00fc\u00e7 renkli fosforla kullan\u0131l\u0131r, \u00fc\u00e7 dalga boyu beyaz LED makinesinin ticarile\u015fme f\u0131rsatlar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Ancak burada \u00fc\u00e7 renkli fosforun tanecik boyutu nispeten k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, y\u00fcksek stabilite gereksinimleri vard\u0131r ve spesifik uygulamalar h\u00e2l\u00e2 ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Sekt\u00f6r genel bak\u0131\u015f<\/strong><br \/>\nY\u00fcksek parlakl\u0131\u011fa sahip Nichia end\u00fcstriyel LED, farkl\u0131 dalga boylar\u0131nda geli\u015ftirilen teknik s\u00fcre\u00e7leri kullanan ilk firmalardan biri olmu\u015ftur; ayr\u0131ca mavi-mor yar\u0131 iletken lazer (Lazer Diyot; LD) konusunda sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn devlerinden biri olarak mavi LED patenti elinde tutmaktad\u0131r. Nichia, mavi LED \u00fcretimi ve elektrot yap\u0131s\u0131yla ilgili bir\u00e7ok temel patente sahiptir ve yaln\u0131zca kendi \u00fcretim stratejisini benimseyerek d\u0131\u015f lisans vermeyi reddetmi\u015ftir; bu durum piyasa tekelini ele ge\u00e7irme niyetinden kaynaklanmakta ve mavi LED fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcksek tutmaktad\u0131r. Ancak \u00fcretim kapasitesine sahip di\u011fer sekt\u00f6r oyuncular\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir onay almam\u0131\u015f olup, baz\u0131 Japon LED sekt\u00f6r\u00fc uzmanlar\u0131, Nichia Chemical'in stratejisinin, Avrupa ve ABD gibi \u00fclkelerin LED sekt\u00f6r\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan mavi ve beyaz LED rekabetinde inisiyatifin gasp edilmesine ve bunun Japonya'daki genel LED end\u00fcstrisine ciddi zararlar vermesine yol a\u00e7aca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmektedir. Bir\u00e7ok operat\u00f6r, mavi LED'lerin Ar  Ge ve \u00fcretimini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in her t\u00fcrl\u00fc imk\u00e2n\u0131 kullanacakt\u0131r. Nichia Chemical, Sumitomo Electric, Toyoda Gosei, Rohm, Toshiba ve Sharp, Amerikal\u0131 Cree, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fc\u00e7 ayd\u0131nlatma fabrikas\u0131 olan Singular, Philips, Osram, HP, Siemens Research, EMCORE'un t\u00fcm\u00fc, \u00fcr\u00fcn Ar  Ge ve \u00fcretimine yat\u0131r\u0131m yapm\u0131\u015f ve sekt\u00f6rde beyaz LED \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin piyasa odakl\u0131 promosyonunun te\u015fvik edilmesinde olumlu bir rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>First, an LED structure emitting principle 50 years ago, people have been understanding of the semiconductor material can produce light of the basic knowledge, the first commercial diode produced in 1960. LED is the abbreviation of the English light emitting diode (light emitting diode), its basic structure is an electroluminescent semiconductor materials, placed on a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":12822,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12821","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news-and-blog"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iled-lights.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12821","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iled-lights.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iled-lights.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iled-lights.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iled-lights.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12821"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.iled-lights.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12821\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12824,"href":"https:\/\/www.iled-lights.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12821\/revisions\/12824"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iled-lights.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/12822"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iled-lights.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12821"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iled-lights.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12821"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iled-lights.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12821"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}